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Demonstrations (few-shot examples) help the model understand the style and structure of the output you expect. They are especially useful when the extraction task is ambiguous or when you want consistent formatting across responses.

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When To Use Examples

Examples are most valuable in OutputMode::Json and OutputMode::MdJson modes, where the model relies on the prompt to understand the expected output shape. In OutputMode::Tools, the schema itself provides strong guidance, but examples can still help clarify edge cases or normalize output style. Keep examples short and representative. They should clarify the task, not replace the prompt.

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The Example Class

Each example pairs an input with the expected output. The input is a string describing the scenario, and the output is an array representing the correct extraction result: 
use Cognesy\Instructor\Extras\Example\Example;
use Cognesy\Instructor\StructuredOutput;

class User {
    public int $age;
    public string $name;
}

$user = (new StructuredOutput)
    ->with(
        messages: 'Our user Jason is 25 years old.',
        responseModel: User::class,
        examples: [
            new Example(
                input: 'John is 50 and works as a teacher.',
                output: ['name' => 'John', 'age' => 50],
            ),
            new Example(
                input: 'We recently hired Ian, who is 27 years old.',
                output: ['name' => 'Ian', 'age' => 27],
            ),
        ],
    )
    ->get();
// @doctest id="d171"
Instructor appends the examples to the prompt, rendering each output array as JSON.

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Factory Methods

The Example class provides several factory methods for different input formats:

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fromText() - String Input

The most common form. Equivalent to the constructor: 
$example = Example::fromText(
    input: 'Ian is 27 years old.',
    output: ['name' => 'Ian', 'age' => 27],
);
// @doctest id="8ab1"

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fromChat() - Chat Messages

Use when you want to demonstrate a multi-turn conversation as input: 
$example = Example::fromChat(
    messages: [
        ['role' => 'user', 'content' => 'Ian is 27 years old.'],
    ],
    output: ['name' => 'Ian', 'age' => 27],
);
// @doctest id="19a1"

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fromData() - Structured Data

Accepts any data type as input. Objects and arrays are automatically serialized to JSON: 
$example = Example::fromData(
    input: ['firstName' => 'Ian', 'lastName' => 'Brown', 'birthDate' => '1994-01-01'],
    output: ['name' => 'Ian Brown', 'age' => 27],
);
// @doctest id="99b5"

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Using The Fluent API

You can also set examples with the fluent withExamples() method: 
$user = (new StructuredOutput)
    ->withExamples([
        Example::fromText('Jane, 31', ['name' => 'Jane', 'age' => 31]),
    ])
    ->with(
        messages: 'Our user Jason is 25 years old.',
        responseModel: User::class,
    )
    ->get();
// @doctest id="8dfc"

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Custom Templates

By default, Instructor formats each example using a built-in template. You can override this with a custom template string that uses {input} and {output} placeholders: 
$example = new Example(
    input: 'John is 50 and works as a teacher.',
    output: ['name' => 'John', 'age' => 50],
    template: "EXAMPLE:\n<|input|> => <|output|>\n",
);
// @doctest id="5c98"
When the input or output is an array, Instructor automatically converts it to a JSON string before replacing the placeholders.

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Best Practices

  • Use one or two examples for most tasks. More is rarely better — it adds tokens without proportional improvement.
  • Make examples diverse. Show different edge cases rather than repeating similar inputs.
  • Match the real task. Examples should reflect the actual complexity and format of your production data.
  • Keep output arrays minimal. Include only the fields relevant to the extraction to avoid confusing the model.